The Palos Verdes Peninsula

The Palos Verdes Peninsula Free Online Research Papers The Palos Verdes Peninsula encompasses a beautiful, breathtaking area in the Southwestern part of the South Bay in Los Angeles. Palos Verdes Estates, Rancho Palos Verdes, Rolling Hills, and Rolling Hills Estates are the small cities that encompass this amazing area. It is a prominent area, and is known for very valuable property and homes as well as distinguished schools both public and private. I have a lot personal experience exploring the area as I live next to it in San Pedro, and I coach baseball and football up on â€Å"the hill† as Palos Verdes is referred to by local inhabitants. The map I included shows the original grant given of Rancho San Pedro and Rancho Palos Verdes. Rancho Palos Verdes eventually became our modern day Palos Verdes, containing the four cities that make up this area. It has existing roads on the map as well. Palos Verdes is filled with mansions, nice high-end restaurants, an amazing coastline, and rolling hilltops with various wildlife living in the area (PV Chamber of Commerce). The coast is stunning, and has coves, beaches, tide pools, and other marine activity and wildlife that attract countless visitors each year. People come from all over to whale watch and see unique views and the amazing cliffs, lighthouses, and local geography that is unique to the local area. It is a very unique change of pace from the bustle of the city not more than ten minutes away in various towns in the South Bay and into Los Angeles. It tends to have its own laid back atmosphere, people have their own perceptions of it, and things are almost done at a different pace. It is hidden in its own little corner and along with San Pedro is unique because you can’t exactly drive through it because of its location; you have to drive to it. The Palos Verdes Peninsula has often been used to film commerci als, TV shows, and movies because of its famous views, its proximity to the ocean, and because of its beautiful countryside and expensive homes (PV Chamber of Commerce). It is also well known for its expansive horse trails that roam across the hilltops, and even cross through the actual city streets and areas of commerce. Portuguese explorer, Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo, coming from Spain, was the first European to arrive upon the local area. On October 8, 1542 he sailed into San Pedro Bay (PV Chamber of Commerce). The vessels that traded at San Pedro anchored at a point on the northwest side of the area, near Point Fermin off the coast of Rancho Palos Verdes. The land which includes the entire Palos Verdes Peninsula, San Pedro, and parts of nearby Wilmington was part of the first Spanish land grant in California. Junipero Serra and other Franciscan padres began to establish a chain of missions from San Diego all the way to Sonoma at this time (Megowan, 2003). These original land grants were considered a permit to use the land and to occupy it at the time. Rancho San Pedro was the first private land grant in California, and was given to Don Manuel Dominguez. It included Redondo Beach and Long Beach, as well as the Palos Verdes Peninsula. For almost three centuries the Palos Verdes Peninsula remained unchanged and the home of the local Indians, whose relics are still being dug up to this very day (Nicholson, 1998). The most recent Indians to live in Palos Verdes were members of the Tongva tribe. They did not use a written language only an oral one, but their stories and their vast knowledge of their environment were passed down from one generation to the next through tales and teaching (Nicholson, 1998). They adapted to the environment in their area. For example they built houses with frames made of willow poles because of the lack of large trees in what’s now Palos Verdes. The Tongva people also used logs that drifted in on the tides to make dugout canoes for various purposes (Nicholson, 1998). They used these resources to fish in the coastal area, in which fish was plentiful and satisfying to the appetites of their people. They fished in places such as Abalone Cove for various fish, seals, sea otters, abalone, and other shellfish using their dugout canoes (Nicholson, 1998). They used rocks and tools found and made from resources at the beach and in the hillsides to hunt deer rabbits and squirrels found nearby to supplement their fishing (Nicholson, 1998). They tended to fish more during warmer weather and to hunt more during colder weather. They apparently had some very unique beliefs. They worshipped one god called The-Giver-of-Life. They believed that this god had placed the world on the shoulders of seven giants. Whenever the giants moved, it caused an earthquake. They also believed that dolphins were responsible for swimming around the world to guard its safety and well being of the people who lived on shore (Nicholson, 1998). For a couple of hundred years the Spaniards occasionally met and traded with the local Tongva Indians. The Spanish started to permanently settle the Palos Verdes Peninsula area in the late 1700’s. The native animals and plants that the Indians relied on for their survival began to disappear soon after the foreigners new plants and animals influence arrived. The Spanish slowly began to convince the Tongva to give up their old way of life and move to the missions and ranchos to learn farming and cattle raising (Nicholson, 1998). In 1827, Don Jose Dolores Sepulveda acquired a piece of the Rancho San Pedro Spanish land grant from Manuel Dominguez, and named it â€Å"Rancho de los Palos Verdes† which was used primarily as a cattle ranch. By the early 1880’s ownership of the land had passed from the Sepulveda family to Jotham Bixby of Rancho Los Cerritos, who leased the land to Japanese farmers. Soon most of Bixbys land was sold to some New York investors who created The Palos Verdes Project. These men began marketing land on the peninsula for small horse ranches and residential communities in which they could gain the most value. These men used the beauty, natural resources, and other benefits of the local geography to market to buyers (Megowan, 2003). In 1922, a real estate developer named H.G. Lewis acquired the Palos Verdes Project, which would have a overwhelming impact on the future of the Palos Verdes Peninsula surrounding area. The community was called Palos Verdes Estates and had decreased in development area by one-fifth, from the original 16,000 acres to 3225 acres (PV Chamber of Commerce). Much of the development was specified for single-family residential architecture. The purpose of this was to build a close-knit community that would form a stability and consistency as opposed to renters and lots that would be coming in and out throughout the years, hurting the local economy and what the whole foundation of the project was really about. It was about harnessing the benefits of the local geography and possibilities that arose from it and making Palos Verdes a very unique community compared to that of its neighbors. Early in the history of Palos Verdes, the trustee deeded to the Palos Verdes Homes Association 800 acres of the 3225 acres. Basically the terms said the association had to use the property almost exclusively for public uses. Otherwise the property would go back to the trustee. From these 800 acres a golf course, a swimming club, and a few nice inns were built (PV Chamber of Commerce). The remaining portion was planted with trees, plants and flowers, which comprise the parks of Palos Verdes Estates and other planted areas even to this day. This was a huge landmark that would build the road that would shape what our modern day Palos Verdes would look like today (PV Chamber of Commerce). As I see every day on the drive to work there is extensive landscaping and groves of trees which currently exist on the Peninsula. Surprisingly the Palos Verdes Peninsula in the 1920s primarily consisted of coastal sage brush with very few trees (Megowan, 2003). The Palos Verdes Project in the 1920s and 1930s employed a large number of gardeners who planted huge amounts of trees and plants throughout Malaga Cove and other areas to encourage investors and potential home buyers to purchase property in Palos Verdes (Megowan, 2003). A very large nursery was constructed in Lunada Bay to grow plants to be used by the Palos Verdes Project. The idea was to give the appearance of these areas a real classy, fresh, and vibrant feel to the already beautiful landscape and geography on the peninsula. The ocean is almost always visible and Santa Catalina Island looks as though you can reach out and grab it. This original plan sparked investments by countless wealthy individuals and gave birth t o this way of life, in which those in the South Bay know that there has always been money up on â€Å"the hill†. Planning for the Project included all aspects including the street system, zoning, lot sizes, and planned landscaping. So obviously this had a large effect on the future of the geography in the area. Restrictions were put in place to establish and create a powerful Mediterranean design in the area for architecture and landscapes. This Mediterranean design has amazingly survived throughout the century to the present day. When you drive through the Peninsula today, you still see old street signs, older building designs of a European influence, and other effects of deed restrictions maintaining their place in the area. Another factor that influenced design and organization of early Palos Verdes was a section of 1,000 acres being set aside for a University campus (Megowan, 2003). This was proposed in 1925, for the new southern branch of the University of California, which later became UCLA. This land was in the center of the Palos Verdes Peninsula where today Peninsula High School, the popular Peninsula Shopping Center, and the Avenue of the Peninsula is located. Also to be built was the construction of a grammar school and a model high school to be run by the University, a marine biological station and public aquarium, an art museum, a theatre seating, a boathouse at Portuguese Bend and a football stadium to seat 90,000 (Megowan, 2003). This was supposed to stimulate the local economy and give birth to a promising and prosperous community on the Peninsula. Obviously no UC campus was built there, and I cant imagine 90,000 people all making it up and down the hill for a football game on the smaller windy roads of Palos Verdes, much less the traffic and congestion that a modern UC campus campus promotes being successful on the peninsula. I think anyone would agree that Westwood was a better choice. Various business centers were originally scheduled to be built throughout Palos Verdes. There was so much going on with the areas housing, structural, and other developments, that only in Malaga Cove, Lunada Bay, and Miraleste did business centers actually arise (PV Chamber of Commerce). I work part of the year directly next to the business center in Miraleste, and I would say that it is very small and simply accommodates local business and other needs as opposed to being a large economic factor in the area. Original plans in the late 1930’s also called for a private yacht club to be built just north of Palos Verdes High School, which was to bring vast amounts of money and business to the local area, but much like many other plans of the times never quite manifested (PV Chamber of Commerce). Golf Courses and clubs, swimming and tennis clubs, and horseback riding also became part of the local scenery. The vast majority of people in this area had plenty of money, and memberships into these clubs and activities meant fun, leisure, and relaxation from the upper-class jobs that most of the inhabitants toiled at during the weekdays. Memberships supplied these wealthy individuals a place in the social atmosphere, as it also changed the outlook and geography of the landscape as each new building and structure was built. Talking to family members who grew up in San Pedro in the 1930’s, said that the development on the hill was never quite as fast paced as down below. While in San Pedro and Torrance and even the beach cities things tended to develop and expand more rapidly, the Palos Verdes development expanded slower, but with better planning, more sophisticated, and with lots more money supporting it. Now where million dollar homes fill the hillsides along the coast and up into the roads taking you into the heart of Palos Verdes; my grandfather remembers walking as a kid with friends for miles along where Donald Trumps golf course is today to get to the beautiful secluded beach sitting at the bottom of the West side of the peninsula. At that time there were maybe a handful of houses for that entire stretch. The area soon became very popular and the demand for property in the area became extremely high over the years. It is today one of the highest housing markets in California, and one o f the wealthiest areas in the nation. Now I’d like to take a closer look at some of the detailed local geography in each of the four cities making up Palos Verdes. The Palos Verdes area’s four cities are all small components of, â€Å"the hill†. None of the cities populations are large when compared to their neighbors down below the hill. Palos Verdes Estates was designed by the famous landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted Jr. According to the 2000 census, the population was 13,340, and P.V Estates was the 81st richest place in the U.S based on income. The city was incorporated in 1939 and amazingly has no traffic lights (PV Chamber of Commerce). Rancho Palos Verdes is the largest of the cities on the peninsula and was incorporated in 1973. At the 200 census the population was 41,145 (PV Chamber of Commerce). It is mostly hilly but also goes all the way down to some flat lands that do not have views of the ocean connecting to San Pedro and Torrance. It has many businesses both small and large, and is the heart of the economy on the hill. It does not quite have the wealth as its Palos Verdes neighbors although the area is still much more well off than its neighbors down below. Older residents tend to live more here that anywhere else on the peninsula. Landslides have been known to occur at times in this area as well, which causes problems for residents from time to time (PV Chamber of Commerce). Rolling Hills is the smallest of the Palos Verdes cities, at the 2000 census it had 1,871 people living within its boundaries and was the 21st richest place in the United States. Like Palos Verdes Estates it has no traffic lights, and its landscape is filled with rolling hills and land perfect for horse paths, which make up much of the city. Traffic roads are even built much wider for this accommodation, and many residents take advantage of it (PV Chamber of Commerce). Rolling Hills Estates is the last city in the foursome, and had a population of 7,676 at the 2000 census. It was incorporated in 1957, and also has lots of horse trails. It rivals the economic success of Rancho Palos Verdes, but is comprised of a very different approach. Rolling Hills Estates is filled with high-end shops, expensive malls, and a finer taste. They don’t have the numbers to catch Rancho Palos Verdes, which is more blue-collar, with more realistic priced restaurants, smaller shopping centers, etc (PV Chamber of Commerce). Overall I would say that Palos Verdes was well planned and constructed and that this greatly influenced the fact that it is well maintained today. The roads have succeeded despite the struggle with land levels changing on roads close to the ocean and the maintenance that goes along with that. The infrastructure is well equipped with buses for transportation both around the peninsula as well as to neighboring cities, the schools are some of the top you will find anywhere, both public and private; and the economy thrives due to money being spread all over. Crime is extremely low and residents throughout Palos Verdes are known to feel safe and comfortable. Because of these things Palos Verdes has not just survived, but has manage to thrive in every aspect of a society, maintain its old settlements, and flourish as more is added to the community, while managing to not over-build. Also they maintain a sense of a close-knit community as it has a good balance of individual and mom and pop stores in addition to big business. Research Papers on The Palos Verdes PeninsulaUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite Religion19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraWhere Wild and West MeetDefinition of Export QuotasAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XRelationship between Media Coverage and Social and

Marines Bootcamp Essay Example

Marines Bootcamp Essay Example Marines Bootcamp Essay Marines Bootcamp Essay The United States Marine Corps (USMC) is a branch of the United States Armed Forces responsible for providing power projection from the sea, using the mobility of the United States Navy to rapidly deliver combined arm task forces; It is one of seven uniformed services of the United States. The Marine Corps is component the United States Department of the Navy (marines. om) often working closely with naval forces for training, transportation and logistics; however, the Marine Corps is separate branch, they are known as several things like Bulldogs, Devil Dog and Jarheads, they are a very proud branch they have loyalty, respect, manners and moral and physical courage but, what stands out is there strength many say marines are the toughest? They train the hardest Boot camp mentally and physically. Many people know marines as the toughest branch, with the toughest Boot camp or are just all talk? Before being a marine there are some steps to take in order to become a Marine you must be physically fit, you must pass a PFT (Physical Fitness Test) every six months. A perfect score (300) is achieved by doing twenty dead-pull-ups in thirty seconds, 100 crunches in 120 seconds and a three-mile run in 18 minutes. You don’t need to be perfect to enlist, but make sure you can do at least five-pull-ups, 60 crunches and run 1. 5 miles in 11 minutes this is for males only females need to make this requirement 3 pull ups to 100 crunches in two minutes and 21 minutes in three-mile runs. Boot camp is more challenging both mentally and physically than the basic training programs Not only are the physical requirements much higher, but recruits are required to learn and memorize a startling amount of information. There are more than 70 training days in a period a little longer than 12 weeks (but dont let that fool you. There is lots of training going on on the non-training days, such as the time in Reception, the time spent in forming, and on Sundays and Holidays. It has been said time and time again by former Marines that Marine Corps recruit training was the most difficult thing they ever had to do in their entire lives In Marine boot camp, youll start drill almost immediately. A few hours studying basic drill and ceremony will help immensely. As with the other services, you should memorize U. S. Marine Corps Rank. Additionally, your recruiter should have told you to memorize the 11 General Orders for a Sentry. While not mandatory, the Marine Rifle Creed is nice to know. You should also memorize the Marines Hymn, all of it, if possible, but at least the first verse. Wait thats not all (I told you it was tough). Youll need to memorize the USMC Core Values, study Marine Corps history, and commit the characteristics of the M16A4 Rifle to memory. Round all of this out by memorizing the Code of Conduct. f you dont know how to swim, try to learn before you leave for boot camp. Before you graduate, youll have to demonstrate basic swimming skills. The other services have lists of what you should or should not bring with you. The Marines make it simple: Dont bring anything except your important papers (such as drivers license, social security card, and banking information), except the clothes on your back. Everything you need will be issued to you. For non-issue items, it will be issued, and the cost taken out of your pay. Marine Boot camp has different stages 12 stages the First day you get to bootcamp you will see a Drill Instructor who will greet you with this form of greeting â€Å"Tens of thousands of Marines have begun outstanding service to our country on the very footprints in which you stand today. You will carry on that proud tradition and then you will enter and see a hatch, you make a left, you’ve got to reach in one of these boxes and grab a bag open the bag wide and grab your gear issued to you dump it on your bed† the first night is hectic because your grabbing everything you need and throwing everything away you don’t need, the first week is drilling and teaching you the basics and how everything will be from now on until you graduate from boot camp. The second week youll continue learning the basics of close combat skills, including the infamous pugil sticks. Many recruits are somewhat apprehensive about this phase of training, but then find out how much fun it really is. Its almost impossible to get hurt. The recruits are protected by a football helmet and mask, rubber neck roll and crotch cup, and only two kinds of blows are permitted: the slash and the horizontal butt stroke, both to the well-protected head and neck. A clean shot ends the bout. Th e secret is aggression this is not a defensive sport. ] word here about competition. Marine platoons compete against each other in almost every aspect of training, from drills to inspections to pugil sticks to P. T. to academics. For each and every event, trophies are won and displayed prominently in the barracks on the awards table. This is no small matter the competition is stiff and the D. I. s (and recruits! ) take victories and defeats very seriously. Youll learn field first aid, attend classes on core values (as well as other academic classes), and receive several hours on basic weapon handling. eek 3, in addition to more re pugil sticks and close combat training, additional classes on first aid and core values, youll participate in a 3 mile march (with packs). The Confidence Course consists of eleven obstacles, designed so that each obstacle is more physically challenging then the last. The obstacles are: Dirty name Run, Jump Swing The Inclining Wall The Confidence Climb Monkey Bridge The Tough One Reverse Climb Slide for Life the Hand Walk (The Arm Stretche r, and The Sky Scraper. While these names sound daunting, the course is designed so the average platoon can run it in 45 minutes. Like pugil sticks, the Confidence Course is a great morale builder, as most of the recruits find out they can negotiate the obstacles with ease (after a little practice and encouragement from ever-vigilant D. I. s). During the fourth week, there will be even more training with pugil sticks and additional training in close combat skills (I told you there was increased emphasis on this). In addition to the daily P. T. , there will be further academic classes (including more core values training). The highlight of week 4 is the individual drill evaluation. Your platoon will be evaluated, graded, and compared to the other platoons. The winning platoon, of course, receives a trophy for the trophy table. The losing platoons receive the wrath of their respective D. I. s. week 5 is Combat Water Survival. All Marines must pass basic water survival skills in order to graduate from boot camp (those who dont pass will receive extensive remedial training until they do). Training in Combat Water Survival develops a recruits confidence in the water. All recruits must pass the minimum requirement level of Combat Water Survival-4, which requires recruits to perform a variety of water survival and swimming techniques. If a recruit meets the CWS-4 requirements, he may upgrade to a higher level. All recruits train in the camouflage utility uniform, but those upgrading may be required to train in full combat gear, which includes a rifle, helmet, flak jacket and pack. Also this week will be a 5 mile hike a test on Marine Customs Courtesies, more training in first aid, a full-blown inspection (uniforms, rifles, questions, etc. ), and (of course) more classes on core values. During week 7, youll also experience a 6 mile night march, and get another chance at the Confidence Course. Week 8 is called Team Week, which means you get to spend all of your time working at the mess hall or some other glamorous detail. This is much better than it sounds, however; for an entire week, youll be free of the incessant presence of the D. I. s (to be replaced with the relatively gentler attitudes of the mess sergeants). Additionally, youll enjoy using your status as a senior recruit to help, um.. motivate brand new recruits as they stumble throw the chow hall lines. (BTW, the best way to tell senior recruits from the newbies is to look at their haircuts. Bald heads indicates new recruits, while stubble, or high tights indicate more senior recruits). One word of warning. Enjoy it while it lasts when you return to your platoon at the end of this week, youll more likely than not discover that your D. I. thinks youve grown sloppy and undisciplined during the week, and will expend extra effort for the next few days in returning you and the rest of the platoon to his/her version of disciplined recruits. This re-transformation will most likely require several applications of quarter-decking. The ninth week will consist almost entirely of the fundamentals of field firing, in preparation for field training during the tenth week. There will also be a 10 mile march (with packs) during week 9. If you havnt experienced blisters yet during your time in boot camp, you most likely will experience it during week 9. During week 10, youll start putting all of your training together during field training. Field Training is practice war. Youll operate and live in a simulated combat environment, and learn the fundamentals of patrolling, firing, setting up camp, and more. Basic Warrior Training introduces recruits to field living conditions. The majority of a Marines field training is conducted after recruit training at the School of Infantry. During the 3-day Basic Warrior Training conducted during boot camp, recruits will learn basic field skills like setting up a tent, field sanitation and camouflage. It is also during this training that recruits go through the gas chamber. During week 11, you get a chance to put everything youve learned in boot camp to the test. The week starts with the biggest competition of all: The Company Commanders Inspection. Not only are you being judged here, but your D. I. is being judged as well. It will behoove you to give this inspection every single thing youve got (hint: to don your trousers without breaking the crease, stand on your foot-locker). Once youve gotten the Company Commanders Inspection out of the way, youll experience the event to top all events: The Crucible. The Crucible is the final test every recruit must go through to become a Marine. It will test you physically, mentally and morally and is the defining moment in recruit training. The Crucible is no walk in the park, unless your idea of a walk in the park takes place over 54-hours and includes food and sleep deprivation (only four hours of sleep per night)and approximately 40 miles of marching. The entire Crucible event pits teams of recruits against a barrage of day and night events requiring every recruit to work together solving problems, overcoming obstacles and helping each other along. The Crucible Event is designed around Core Value Stations, Warrior Stations, the Confidence Course, Reaction Course, and Movement Course as well as other various mentally and physically challenging events. A final foot march will conclude with a Morning Colors Ceremony and a Warriors Breakfast. The famed Eagle, Globe and Anchor Ceremony is conducted immediately after the Cruicible. The Eagle, Globe and Anchor is the Marine Corps Emblem It signifies that you are a member, always and forever, of the few and the proud. The ceremony is the most emotional time of basic training, even more so than the graduation parade. Ever seen a grown Marine cry? Try to find a dry eye during this ceremony. The event used to be held on family day, the day before the graduation parade. However, this life-changing event is now a private (Marines only) ceremony, held immediately after the Cruicible. Week 11 is also known as Transformation Week. During this week the new Marines are given 1 hour extra free time each evening and wear the rank insignia of the grade to which they were either guaranteed upon enlistment, or earned during recruit training. Also during this week, more responsibility is given to the privates and privates first class and the supervision from the drill instructors is decreased. In fact, drill instructors dont wear their duty belts during this time and many of the Drill Instructors will allow the new Marines call them by their rank, not as sir or maam. This week helps these new Marines adjust from being a recruit to being a Marine. The final week. D. I. s are no longer yelling (as much). Youll spend this last week learning about theHeroes of the Corps, a class or two on financial management, the relatively easy Battalion Commanders Inspection, more (of course) core value classes, and finally, graduation practice and graduation. The minimum (core) graduation requirements are: (1) Pass the physical fitness test and be within prescribed weight standards (2) Qualify for Combat Water Survival at level 4 or higher (3) Qualify with the service rifle (4) Pass the batallion commanders inspection (5) Pass the written tests (6) Complete the CrucibleIf you fail in any of the above areas, you are subject to be recycled (sent backwards in time to another platoon), or may possibly bedischarged. Heres how your 13 weeks breaks down in actual hours: Instructional Time (The Crucible / Combat Water Survival / Weapons and Field Training): 279. 5 hours Core Values / Academics / Values Reinforcement: 41. 5 Physical Fitness: 59 Close Order Drill: 54. 5 Field Training: 31 Close Combat Training: 27 Conditioning Marches:Administration: 60 Senior DI Time (nightly free time): 55. 5 Movement Time: 60 Sleep: 479 Basic Daily Routine: 210 Chow: 179 Total: 1518 hours Still not impressed? Check out the complete list of tasks you will be tested on. If you do a great job, you just might get promoted. Based on the recommendations of the Senior Drill Instructor, the Commanding General can meritoriously promote recruits who have consistently demonstrated superior performance in the following areas and have no nonjudicial punishment infractions. Physical Fitness,Marksmanship,Leadership, Motivation, Academics and Field Skills Marines are authorized 10 days of leave, immediately following graduation from boot camp. Youll need the rest, however because boot camp is just the start.

Africans during enslavement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Africans during enslavement - Essay Example Field hands or field slaves did not have the same privileges as house slaves. Men and women would work in the fields plowing, planting, and harvesting cotton, sugar cane, wheat, tobacco, and other cash crops. Field hands were the slaves that were rebellious, strong, and disposable. Field hands were beaten more. This desperate situation causes a more direct rebellion. Field hands would run, attack, and resist in violent manners. These slaves had nothing to lose. The choices were grim. Field slaves could be beaten to death, work to death, or live a miserable existence until death. Kunta was a field hand after being brought to North America as a slave. He was strong but ran every chance he got. The last time Kunta escaped, slave trackers cut his foot off. After his foot was cut off, Kunta could no longer run. His master made him a driver. Kunta had to find another way to resist. He celebrated his African roots quietly. One example is of putting stones in a jar every full moon. This was a way to count the passage of time. He named his daughter an African name of Kizzy. Kunta also received to eat pork due to his Muslim background. All of these acts were ones of resistance. Enslavement and oppression resistance also depended upon generation. Kunta and Nunu were African. The slaves from Africa were once free. Kunta and Nunu had family, friends, and a tribe. On the other hand, Bell, Kizzy, Nunu’s son, Joe (Sankofa) were first, second, and further generations. The slaves born in captivity only knew slavery.